* Most complex piece of malicious software yet found
* Speculation may grow over countries wielding cyber weapons
* Virus targeted mainly in Middle East
By Jim Finkle
BOSTON, May 28 (Reuters) – Security experts said on Monday a
highly sophisticated computer virus is infecting computers in
Iran and other Middle East countries and may have been deployed
at least five years ago to engage in state-sponsored cyber
espionage.
Evidence suggest that the virus, dubbed Flame, may have been
built on behalf of the same nation or nations that commissioned
the Stuxnet worm that attacked Iran’s nuclear program in 2010,
according to Kaspersky Lab, the Russian cyber security software
maker that took credit for discovering the infections.
Kaspersky researchers said they have yet to determine
whether Flame had a specific mission like Stuxnet, and declined
to say who they think built it.
Iran has accused the United States and Israel of deploying
Stuxnet.
Cyber security experts said the discovery publicly
demonstrates what experts privy to classified information have
long known: that nations have been using pieces of malicious
computer code as weapons to promote their security interests for
several years.
“This is one of many, many campaigns that happen all the
time and never make it into the public domain,” said Alexander
Klimburg, a cyber security expert at the Austrian Institute for
International Affairs.
A cyber security agency in Iran said on its English website
that Flame bore a “close relation” to Stuxnet, the notorious
computer worm that attacked that country’s nuclear program in
2010 and is the first publicly known example of a cyber weapon.
Iran’s National Computer Emergency Response Team also said
Flame might be linked to recent cyber attacks that officials in
Tehran have said were responsible for massive data losses on
some Iranian computer systems.
Kaspersky Lab said it discovered Flame after a U.N.
telecommunications agency asked it to analyze data on malicious
software across the Middle East in search of the data-wiping
virus reported by Iran.
STUXNET CONNECTION
Experts at Kaspersky Lab and Hungary’s Laboratory of
Cryptography and System Security who have spent weeks studying
Flame said they have yet to find any evidence that it can attack
infrastructure, delete data or inflict other physical damage.
Yet they said they are in the early stages of their
investigations and that they may discover other purposes beyond
data theft. It took researchers months to determine the key
mysteries behind Stuxnet, including the purpose of modules used
to attack a uranium enrichment facility at Natanz, Iran.
If Kaspersky’s findings are validated, Flame could go down
in history as the third major cyber weapon uncovered after
Stuxnet and its data-stealing cousin Duqu, named after the Star
Wars villain.
The Moscow-based company is controlled by Russian malware
researcher Eugene Kaspersky. It gained notoriety after solving
several mysteries surrounding Stuxnet and Duqu.
Officials with Symantec Corp and Intel Corp
McAfee security division, the top 2 makers of
anti-virus software, said they were studying Flame.
“It seems to be more complex than Duqu but it’s too early to
tell its place in history,” said Dave Marcus, director of
advanced research and threat intelligence with McAfee.
Symantec Security Response manager Vikram Thakur said that
his company’s experts believed there was a “high” probability
that Flame was among the most complex pieces of malicious
software ever discovered.
At least one rival of Kaspersky expressed skepticism.
Privately held Webroot said its automatic virus-scanning
engines detected Flame in December 2007, but that it did not pay
much attention because the code was not particularly menacing.
That is partly because it was easy to discover and remove,
said Webroot Vice President Joe Jaroch. “There are many more
dangerous threats out there today,” he said.
MAPPING IT OUT
Kaspersky’s research shows the largest number of infected
machines are in Iran, followed by Israel and the Palestinian
territories, then Sudan and Syria.
The virus contains about 20 times as much code as Stuxnet,
which caused centrifuges to fail at the Iranian enrichment
facility it attacked. It has about 100 times as much code as a
typical virus designed to steal financial information, said
Kaspersky Lab senior researcher Roel Schouwenberg.
Flame can gather data files, remotely change settings on
computers, turn on PC microphones to record conversations, take
screen shots and log instant messaging chats.
Kaspersky Lab said Flame and Stuxnet appear to infect
machines by exploiting the same flaw in the Windows operating
system and that both viruses employ a similar way of spreading.
That means the teams that built Stuxnet and Duqu might have
had access to the same technology as the team that built Flame,
Schouwenberg said.
He said that a nation state would have the capability to
build such a sophisticated tool, but declined to comment on
which countries might do so.
The question of who built flame is sure to become a hot
topic in the security community as well as the diplomatic world.
There is some controversy over who was behind Stuxnet and
Duqu. Some experts suspect the United States and Israel, a view
that was laid out in a January 2011 New York Times report that
said it came from a joint program begun around 2004 to undermine
what they say are Iran’s efforts to build a bomb.
The U.S. Defense Department, CIA, State Department, National
Security Agency, and U.S. Cyber Command declined to comment.
Hungarian researcher Boldizsar Bencsath, whose Laboratory of
Cryptography and Systems Security first discovered Duqu, said
his analysis shows that Flame may have been active for at least
five years and perhaps eight years or more.
That implies it was active long before Stuxnet.
“It’s huge and overly complex, which makes me think it’s a
first-generation data gathering tool,” said Neil Fisher, vice
president for global security solutions at Unisys Corp.
“We are going to find more of these things over time.”
Others said cyber weapons technology has inevitably advanced
since Flame was built.
“The scary thing for me is: if this is what they were
capable of five years ago, I can only think what they are
developing now,” Mohan Koo, managing director of British-based
Dtex Systems cyber security company.
Some experts speculated that the discovery of the virus may
have dealt a psychological blow to its victims, on top of
whatever damage Flame may have already inflicted to their
computers.
“If a government initiated the attack it might not care that
the attack was discovered,” said Klimburg of the Austrian
Institute for International Affairs. “The psychological effect
of the penetration could be nearly as profitable as the
intelligence gathered.”
